Portugal's F-16 Jets Take Over NATO Air Policing in Estonia

March 30, 2025 - Four Portuguese F-16 fighter jets have arrived at Ämari Air Base in Estonia, marking the beginning of a four-month deployment as part of NATO's enhanced Air Policing mission in the Baltic region. This deployment replaces the Royal Netherlands Air Force’s F-35 jets, which had been actively securing the skies over Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania for several months.

Transition of Air Defense Leadership

The transition of air defense leadership from the Dutch F-35s to the Portuguese F-16s highlights NATO’s ongoing commitment to safeguarding its eastern flank. The increased focus on airspace security comes in response to regional tensions that have risen significantly in recent years.

Portugal’s mission involves approximately 90 personnel accompanying the four F-16M jets, marking its first air policing deployment in Estonia, although the country has previously rotated its aircraft through Lithuania. The formal handover occurred earlier this month at Air Base Number 5 in Monte Real, Portugal, where military personnel received the National Colours from Air Commander Lieutenant General Sérgio Pereira. In his address, Pereira emphasized the pride and professionalism his team brings to represent Portugal in this critical NATO mission.

Previous Dutch Deployment and Its Significance

The Dutch F-35s had been a vital part of the air policing efforts at Ämari. Their deployment coincided with significant upgrades to the airbase’s runway, enabling it to host NATO’s first aircraft since the renovations were completed. Throughout their tenure, the Dutch forces not only monitored the airspace but also collaborated closely with Estonian air force personnel, providing hands-on experience with advanced aircraft maintenance.

The F-35's advanced capabilities were showcased in various operations, including a multi-domain mission focused on integrated tactical maneuvers, highlighting the benefits of fifth-generation technology.

Introduction of Portuguese F-16M Jets

As the Portuguese F-16 jets take over, they bring a different approach to the air policing mission. While the F-16M lacks the stealth features of the F-35, it provides reliability and agility, fulfilling essential requirements for rapid responses to potential aerial threats. With a history dating back to the 1970s, the F-16 has undergone multiple upgrades, ensuring it remains a competent platform for current air operations.

NATO officials have assured that this transition will not hinder the mission's effectiveness, citing the seamless coordination that has characterized previous rotations.

The Importance of the Baltic Air Policing Mission

The Baltic Air Policing mission started in 2004, when Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined NATO without their own fighter jets for airspace protection. Since its inception, allied nations have taken turns deploying aircraft to the region, maintaining a continuous presence that deters violations and responds promptly to aerial incidents.

The urgency of this mission intensified following Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, pushing NATO to enhance its eastern defenses. Portugal’s ongoing contributions, including rotations in Lithuania since 2007, highlight its commitment to supporting allied efforts in maintaining regional security.

Operational Readiness and Future Implications

In Estonia, the four F-16s will be operated alongside air traffic controllers, maintenance crews, and support staff. This compact yet capable force is equipped to manage various scenarios such as intercepting unauthorized aircraft, ensuring effective airspace management.

The move from the high-tech F-35 to the trusted F-16 reflects a diverse strategic approach within NATO. The F-16, while less advanced technologically, is viewed as a vital asset due to its operational versatility and cost-effectiveness compared to newer aircraft.

Historical Context and NATO Adaptations

Portugal’s air force has evolved significantly over the years, transitioning from a national defense focus to participating in international missions. Since their introduction to Baltic patrols in 2007, Portugal’s F-16s have gained invaluable operational experience in the region.

The arrival of the Portuguese forces at Ämari not only indicates a change in aircraft but also represents a united front among NATO allies. While the F-16s may not have the futuristic capabilities of the F-35, they are recognized for their strong track record and the ability to meet NATO’s air policing requirements effectively.

As the Dutch F-35 unit departs for a major NATO exercise, Ramstein Flag 25, Portugal’s presence in Estonia underscores the importance of ongoing training and readiness in the face of evolving security challenges. The cooperation among NATO forces demonstrates a commitment to maintaining airspace security while adapting to a dynamic global landscape.

With Portugal stepping up, the skies over the Baltics remain safeguarded, reaffirming NATO's resolve in collective defense efforts.